diff --git a/01_phonetics/assignment01.md b/01_phonetics/assignment01.md index 2c16681..3f02331 100644 --- a/01_phonetics/assignment01.md +++ b/01_phonetics/assignment01.md @@ -7,8 +7,24 @@ documentclass: article bibliography: references.bib ---- +geometry: "margin=1in" +urlcolor: black -__If a language has fewer consonants, will the consonants that it does have be simpler and easier to articulate?__ +... -@wals-1 +**If a language has fewer consonants, will the consonants that it does have be simpler and easier to articulate?** + +With their *size principle* @Lindblom-and-Maddieson-1988 suggest a positive correlation between the a language's consonant inventory size and consonant simplicity. +A consonant is simpler if he is easier to pronounce and to distinguish from other. +The intuitive explanation for the size principle is kind of a consonant darwinism: +If a consonant is hard to pronounce speaker will simplify or even omit them. If a consonant is hard to distinguish of another, they will probably melt together over time. +Beside this intuitive explanation we can find a lot of examples in the world's language which support the size principle, small inventories with just simple consonants or complex consonants only in large inventories. + +The *glottalized consonants* require "more intricate coordination of the actions of the larynx with the actions of the articulators in the mouth than many of the more common sounds" [@wals-7] and are therefore not simple or complex consonants. +For example the sub group of *ejective stops* require complete closing of the vocal folds and upwards movement of the larynx exacly timed so that the air will be compressed and a explosive noise on opening the mouth apears. [@wals-7] +Even there are three different subgroups of glottalized consonants over $70$% of the languages ($409$ out of $567$) have non at all. +The amount of complex consonants in the consonant inventory classes mirror perfectly what we expect from the size principe. $66.7$% of the large consonant inventory class ($34$ or more consonants) contain glottalized consonants, but only $8.7$% of the small consonant inventory size class ($6$ to $14$ consonants) do [see @wals-7, Table 2]. + +**HIER MUSS NOCH EINE CONTRA REFERENCE HIN !!!** + +**References** diff --git a/01_phonetics/makefile b/01_phonetics/makefile index a550fee..6115229 100644 --- a/01_phonetics/makefile +++ b/01_phonetics/makefile @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ xdg-open $< clean: - rm *.pdf + rm assignment01.pdf %.pdf: %.md pandoc --filter pandoc-citeproc -o $@ $< diff --git a/01_phonetics/references.bib b/01_phonetics/references.bib index 18b7271..4137def 100644 --- a/01_phonetics/references.bib +++ b/01_phonetics/references.bib @@ -9,4 +9,27 @@ year = {2013} } +@inbook{wals-7, + address = {Leipzig}, + author = {Ian Maddieson}, + booktitle = {The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}, + editor = {Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath}, + publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology}, + title = {Glottalized Consonants}, + url = {http://wals.info/chapter/7}, + year = {2013} +} +@incollection{Lindblom-and-Maddieson-1988, + address = {London}, + author = {Lindblom, Björn and Maddieson, Ian}, + booktitle = {Language, Speech and Mind}, + editor = {Li, C. and Hyman, L. M.}, + pages = {62-78}, + publisher = {Routledge}, + title = {Phonetic Universals in Consonant Systems}, + year = {1988}, + iso_code = {}, + olac_field = {}, + wals_code = {} +}